Evolution Korea: What's New? No One Is Talking About

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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.

The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.

Origins

In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking block printing art styles, as well as a written language to Japan.

Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.

At the close of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.

Development in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are common in the country.

In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territorial holdings. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system attempt to preserve it through nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job loss.

Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article assesses the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution including democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey in 2009 found that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event attracted a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.

The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31, 1980. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.

A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It also has get more info a network of local branches that hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.

The evolution of South Korea

In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.

The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives and monitoring policies that created the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.

Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.

However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.